¿EL FINAL DEL EURO: UNA GUIA DE SUPERVIVENCIA?

Reseñamos y comentamos brevemente tres recientes artículos sobre la crisis del euro.El orden es deliberado y no cronológico.El criterio que los ordena es, en primer lugar, un relativo optimismo sobre la capacidad de fijar el problema español principalmente motivado por los atavismos resistentes a la profundización de la "europeización " (Europa sería, invocando a Ortega, la solución y no el problema).El artículo de Fernandez-Villaverde, Garicano y Santos quiere enfatizar que no hay salida al margen de Europa, pero queriendo enfatizar este aspecto omite cuestiones muy importantes que son necesarias en cualquier hoja de ruta.

 En primer lugar la profunda crisis institucional española y europea, que sobria pero certeramente señala Torreblanca.Sin una solución de ésta ninguna crisis financiera y fiscal tendrá solución.Y este un problema que está más allá de la capacidad de los líderes nacionales.

Finalmente,por contraposición, "El final del Euro: guía de supervivencia" de los norteamericanos Jhonson y Boone enfatiza que, en su opinión, la crisis del euro ya está en un punto de no retorno desde un punto de vista económico y político y lo argumenta en detalle y de forma bastante plausible.No está mal que los europeos empecemos por considerar cómo ven nuestros problemas nuestros rivales, aunque sean aliados.Esa es una forma de pensar más necesaria ahora que nunca.Hasta ahora estamos por encima del bien y del mal con muy poca fortuna.

Seguramente Nada es Gratis puede aportar también su informada visión sobre las cuestiones políticas y económicas abajo detalladas.Ignoro si viene de los años cincuenta, pero uno de los principales problemas de nuestro país y de Europa es la falta de debate.Las cuestiones son de los técnicos o de los políticos y, en último termino, solo de estos últimos.Y punto final.Así es como hemos llegado hasta aquí. No es ni mucho menos seguro que pueda revertirse la tendencia.

 

"No queremos volver a la España de los 50,” de JesúsFernández-Villaverde, Luis Garicano, Tano Santos (El País 1 de Junio de 2012)

Para empezar, necesitamos cambiar radicalmente nuestra estrategia de negociación con Europa. Este es un juego cooperativo, con ganancias potenciales enormes para todos si encontramos la solución, no un juego de suma cero. En la construcción europea no hay acuerdo posible sin confianza mutua, no hay rescate sin alianza. Contrariamente a la propaganda que escuchamos, Alemania no quiere dominar Europa. El problema es precisamente el contrario, que Alemania desea que le dejen en paz y asegurarse que no se impone una solución en la que le toman el pelo y en la que debe hacer transferencias al resto de Europa hasta el fin de los tiempos.

Nos conviene mantener el euro, única forma de control de los desmanes de nuestros dirigentes

Segundo, debemos abandonar el populismo. Olvidémonos de Gibraltar: entran más españoles a vivir en Londres en un año que la entera población del Peñón. ¿Queremos hablar de esto cuando empresas cruciales españolas dependen de la voluntad del regulador financiero, energético o aeroportuario inglés? Igualmente, dejemos de clamar a gritos nuestra soberanía en peleas abiertas a pecho descubierto con el BCE —que es el único que provee ahora mismo de financiación a la economía española— y con nuestros socios. La histeria debe pasar a mejor vida.

Y no acusemos a Bruselas por lo que nos piden hacer. Las reformas hay que defenderlas en sí, porque es en el interés de España que el estado sea sostenible. España debe expresar un claro compromiso con la construcción europea y con soluciones que minimicen en lo posible las transferencias a largo plazo. España debe decir un claro sí a Europa, que es lo único que nos protege del peronismo empobrecedor, y que estamos dispuestos a pagar el precio que esto acarrea.

Para ello, necesitamos urgentemente un nuevo gobierno, con apoyo de todos los partidos mayoritarios y de nuestros expresidentes, compuesto por políticos competentes y técnicos intachables con amplios conocimientos de su cartera. Este gobierno debe trabajar con tres prioridades. Primero, poner de verdad en marcha las reformas necesarias reconstruyendo la confianza de inversores extranjeros, contribuyentes españoles y socios europeos. Segundo, afirmar, sin ambigüedad, el compromiso absoluto con el euro y la construcción europea. Y, tercero, plantear a nuestros socios, desde la confianza generada por un gobierno coherente y serio, una ayuda económica en condiciones para resolver el único problema que no podemos resolver solos: el agujero creado por la burbuja inmobiliaria en el sistema financiero, a cambio de un control europeo de los bancos rescatados y de un sistema regulador común.

La sociedad española debe decidir qué España quiere. Hay una España posible por la que queremos luchar, una España moderna, con instituciones fuertes e independientes, con un nivel de vida elevado, un sistema educativo abierto pero exigente y con un Estado del bienestar sostenible. Este modelo de España está en su misma esencia ligado a Europa.

Y esta respuesta debería ser obvia, pues ya la dio Ortega hace 102 años en un discurso al club de opinión de Bilbao. Frente a los que acusan a Europa de todos nuestros males, hoy como ayer, España es el problema, Europa la solución.

Jesús Fernández-Villaverde es catedrático de Economía, University of Pennsylvania; Luis Garicano es catedrático de Economía y Estrategia, London School of Economics; Tano Santos es catedrático de Economía y Finanzas de la Escuela de Negocios de la Universidad de Columbia.

Reparar Europa antes de usarla (El País Jueves 31 de Mayo)

Jose Ignacio Torreblanca

"No saldremos de la crisis sin unas instituciones europeas renovadas a todos los niveles

Despreciar el 15-M o fijarse en sus aspectos más atrabiliarios es un error pues este movimiento no es revolucionario sino profundamente democrático y, si se quiere, incluso conservador ya que su mensaje central es tan sencillo y verdadero como que esta democracia no funciona como dice que funciona ni tampoco como debería funcionar.

(...)

 

Es hoy evidente que no saldremos de esta crisis solo con más y mejores políticas, ni en el ámbito nacional ni en el europeo, sino con nuevas, renovadas o reforzadas instituciones a tdoso los niveles.Antes de usar Europa, la debemos reparar, lo que nos obliga a pensar y actuar en dos niveles al mismo tiempo:lo mismo ocurre en el contexto estrictramente naional.En España y en Europa debemos reconstruir las instituciones y la confianza pues es evidente que con los diseños institucionales actuales y las actuales relaciones de poder no saldremos de ella.

… en España y en Europa está crisis es política, luego su solución está en la política y, por tanto, al alcance de la mano.¿Voluntarismo?.Sí eso exactamente es lo que necesitamos, en España y en Europa."

¿Pero realmente está al alcance?

El final del Euro: Una guía de supervivencia

"Some European politicians are now telling us that an orderly exit for Greece is feasible under current conditions, and Greece will be the only nation that leaves.  They are wrong.  Greece’s exit is simply another step in a chain of events that leads towards a chaotic dissolution of the euro zone.

During the next stage of the crisis, Europe’s electorate will be rudely awakened to the large financial risks which have been foisted upon them in failed attempts to keep the single currency alive.  If Greece quits the euro later this year, its government will default on approximately 300 billion euros of external public debt, including roughly 187 billion euros owed to the IMF and European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF).

More importantly and currently less obvious to German taxpayers, Greece will likely default on 155 billion euros directly owed to the euro system (comprised of the ECB and the 17 national central banks in the euro zone).  This includes 110 billion euros provided automatically to Greece through the Target2 payments system – which handles settlements between central banks for countries using the euro.   As depositors and lenders flee Greek banks, someone needs to finance that capital flight, otherwise Greek banks would fail.  This role is taken on by other euro area central banks, which have quietly leant large funds, with the balances reported in the Target2 account.  The vast bulk of this lending is, in practice, done by the Bundesbank since capital flight mostly goes to Germany, although all members of the euro system share the losses if there are defaults.

The ECB has always vehemently denied that it has taken an excessive amount of risk despite its increasingly relaxed lending policies.  But between Target2 and direct bond purchases alone, the euro system claims on troubled periphery countries are now approximately 1.1 trillion euros (this is our estimate based on available official data).  This amounts to over 200 percent of the (broadly defined) capital of the euro system.  No responsible bank would claim these sums are minor risks to its capital or to taxpayers.  These claims also amount to 43 percent of German Gross Domestic Product, which is now around 2.57 trillion euros.  With Greece proving that all this financing is deeply risky, the euro system will appear far more fragile and dangerous to taxpayers and investors.

Jacek Rostowski, the Polish Finance Minister, recently warned that the calamity of a Greek default is likely to result in a flight from banks and sovereign debt across the periphery, and that – to avoid a greater calamity – all remaining member nations need to be provided with unlimited funding for at least 18 months.  Mr. Rostowski expresses concern, however, that the ECB is not prepared to provide such a firewall, and no other entity has the capacity, legitimacy, or will to do so.

We agree:  Once it dawns on people that the ECB already has a large amount of credit risk on its books, it seems very unlikely that the ECB would start providing limitless funds to all other governments that face pressure from the bond market.  The Greek trajectory of austerity-backlash-default is likely to be repeated elsewhere – so why would the Germans want the ECB to double- or quadruple-down by suddenly ratcheting up loans to everyone else?

The most likely scenario is that the ECB will reluctantly and haltingly provide funds to other nations – an on-again, off-again pattern of support — and that simply won’t be enough to stabilize the situation.  Having seen the destruction of a Greek exit, and knowing that both the ECB and German taxpayers will not tolerate unlimited additional losses, investors and depositors will respond by fleeing banks in other peripheral countries and holding off on investment and spending.

Capital flight could last for months, leaving banks in the periphery short of liquidity and forcing them to contract credit – pushing their economies into deeper recessions and their voters towards anger.  Even as the ECB refuses to provide large amounts of visible funding, the automatic mechanics of Europe’s payment system will mean the capital flight from Spain and Italy to German banks is transformed into larger and larger de facto loans by the Bundesbank to Banca d’Italia and Banco de Espana– essentially to the Italian and Spanish states.  German taxpayers will begin to see through this scheme and become afraid of further losses.

The end of the euro system looks like this.  The periphery suffers ever deeper recessions — failing to meet targets set by the troika — and their public debt burdens will become more obviously unaffordable. The euro falls significantly against other currencies, but not in a manner that makes Europe more attractive as a place for investment.

Instead, there will be recognition that the ECB has lost control of monetary policy, is being forced to create credits to finance capital flight and prop up troubled sovereigns — and that those credits may not get repaid in full.  The world will no longer think of the euro as a safe currency; rather investors will shun bonds from the whole region, and even Germany may have trouble issuing debt at reasonable interest rates.  Finally, German taxpayers will be suffering unacceptable inflation and an apparently uncontrollable looming bill to bail out their euro partners.

The simplest solution will be for Germany itself to leave the euro, forcing other nations to scramble and follow suit.  Germany’s guilt over past conflicts and a fear of losing the benefits from 60 years of European integration will no doubt postpone the inevitable.  But here’s the problem with postponing the inevitable – when the dam finally breaks, the consequences will be that much more devastating since the debts will be larger and the antagonism will be more intense.

A disorderly break-up of the euro area will be far more damaging to global financial markets than the crisis of 2008.   In fall 2008 the decision was whether or how governments should provide a back-stop to big banks and the creditors to those banks.  Now some European governments face insolvency themselves.  The European economy accounts for almost 1/3 of world GDP.  Total euro sovereign debt outstanding comprises about $11 trillion, of which at least $4 trillion must be regarded as a near term risk for restructuring.

Europe’s rich capital markets and banking system, including the market for 185 trillion dollars in outstanding euro-denominated derivative contracts, will be in turmoil and there will be large scale capital flight out of Europe into the United States and Asia.  Who can be confident that our global megabanks are truly ready to withstand the likely losses?  It is almost certain that large numbers of pensioners and households will find their savings are wiped out directly or inflation erodes what they saved all their lives.  The potential for political turmoil and human hardship is staggering.

For the last three years Europe’s politicians have promised to “do whatever it takes” to save the euro.  It is now clear that this promise is beyond their capacity to keep – because it requires steps that are unacceptable to their electorates.  No one knows for sure how long they can delay the complete collapse of the euro, perhaps months or even several more years, but we are moving steadily to an ugly end.

Whenever nations fail in a crisis, the blame game starts. Some in Europe and the IMF’s leadership are already covering their tracks, implying that corruption and those “Greeks not paying taxes” caused it all to fail.  This is wrong:  the euro system is generating miserable unemployment and deep recessions in Ireland, Italy, Greece, Portugal and Spain also.  Despite Troika-sponsored adjustment programs, conditions continue to worsen in the periphery.  We cannot blame corrupt Greek politicians for all that.

It is time for European and IMF officials, with support from the US and others, to work on how to dismantle the euro area.  While no dissolution will be truly orderly, there are means to reduce the chaos.  Many technical, legal, and financial market issues could be worked out in advance.  We need plans to deal with: the introduction of new currencies, multiple sovereign defaults, recapitalization of banks and insurance groups, and divvying up the assets and liabilities of the euro system.  Some nations will soon need foreign reserves to backstop their new currencies.  Most importantly, Europe needs to salvage its great achievements, including free trade and labor mobility across the continent, while extricating itself from this colossal error of a single currency.

Unfortunately for all of us, our politicians refuse to go there – they hate to admit their mistakes and past incompetence, and in any case, the job of coordinating those seventeen discordant nations in the wind down of this currency regime is, perhaps, beyond reach.

Forget about a rescue in the form of the G20, the G8, the G7, a new European Union Treasury, the issue of Eurobonds, a large scale debt mutualisation scheme, or any other bedtime story.  We are each on our own."

Peter Boone is chair of Effective Intervention, a UK-based charity, an associate at the Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, and a principal in Salute Capital Management Limited.

Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, is a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, and a member of the CBO’s Panel of Economic Advisers.  He is a co-founder of The Baseline Scenario.

A version of this material appears also on the Huffington Post.