Jerome Roos ha resumido la situación desde el lado esencial y crítico de la deuda de estados, países y agentes económicos de una manera ejemplar. Conviene no engañarse a uno mismo ni tampoco a los demás. Desmintiendo categóricamente al Secretario del Tesoro de los Estados Unidos - Mnuchin- , esta crisis no solo es -también-una crisis financiera como la de 2008, sino que es más profunda, más peligrosa y de un alcance que no es posible todavía calibrar siquiera.
"According to the Institute of International Finance,
total debt reached $253 trillion in late 2019,
or the equivalent of 322% of global GDP – the highest it has ever been. Now
that large parts of Europe and North America are following China in imposing
far-reaching lockdowns, concerns are growing over the viability of this
enormous debt pile. In the sharp economic contraction of the next few months,
widely expected to become the worst in peacetime history, countless borrowers
will struggle to repay their debts. This in turn risks unleashing a major
international debt crisis that will make the market crash and global recession
of 2008–’09 look like child’s play.
To be clear: these systemic vulnerabilities
precede the present pandemic and have been well over a decade in the making.
For years now, experts have been issuing repeated warnings of surging global
debt levels (...) As recently as January, the incoming chief of the
International Monetary Fund, Kristalina Georgieva, shared her concern
that renewed market instability might well leave the global economy susceptible
to a repeat of the Great Depression.
(...)
As we all know, governments around the world
responded to the crash of 2008 by bailing out their financial institutions,
leading to a rapid rise in public debt levels, especially in Europe, where the
resultant loss of investor confidence subsequently triggered the European
sovereign debt crisis, which was never truly resolved. This second stage of the
global financial crisis marked the beginning of a decade of austerity, with
many governments aggressively cutting back on social spending – including in
the healthcare sector – while doing everything in their power to prop up the
global financial system.
The world’s leading central banks soon joined this
effort to preserve the financialised world economy, cutting interest rates to
historic lows and pumping the equivalent of over $11 trillion worth of new
money into circulation through their quantitative easing (QE) programmes. These
dramatic monetary interventions helped stave off a total collapse of the global
financial system, but they came at the cost of a fresh wave of speculative
investment and a rapid increase in global debt levels, which has left the world
economy extremely vulnerable to an unforeseen external shock.
And what a shock we got: a near-complete shutdown
of productive and commercial activity in some of the world’s leading economies,
combined with a collapse in the oil price followed by a synchronised and
virtually instantaneous crash of money and capital markets, which threatened to
freeze up international credit and payments systems, amidst concerns over
collapsing global supply chains and skyrocketing unemployment levels. If ever
there was a perfect storm, this has to be it.
(...)
There are three particular areas for concern here.
First, it is a cruel irony that the country most heavily affected by the
pandemic – Italy – also happens to carry the largest sovereign debt load in
Europe (and the fourth largest in the world). The Italian banking sector, still
overburdened by non-performing loans and heavily exposed to its own
government’s debt, also happens to be one of the most fragile on the continent.
According to a Financial Times analysis, Italy’s ongoing
economic collapse therefore poses an “existential threat” to the Eurozone and
the European financial system.
A second area of concern relates to the rapidly
rising debt levels in developing countries and emerging markets. Last December,
well before the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic was even officially
recognized, the World Bank already warned of the risk of
a major global debt crisis, amidst the “largest, fastest and most broad-based”
wave of debt accumulation in the Global South for the past 50 years.
(...)
So far, emerging markets have been particularly
hard hit by the investor panic in response to the public health emergency,
experiencing a dramatic outflow of foreign funds since the start of the year.
As Adam Tooze has noted, total capital
flight from emerging markets reached $55 billion in the past eight weeks
– double the rate seen at the height of the global financial crisis in
2008 or during the “taper tantrum” of 2013. If these outflows are not
stabilised soon, a wave of debt defaults beckons.
Finally, the third area of concern has to do with
the rapid buildup of debt among non-banking firms. In October last year, the
IMF issued a dire warning over the $19
trillion corporate debt timebomb ticking away beneath the surface of the world
economy. The Fund found that over 40% of corporate debt in eight leading
economies would become unserviceable in the event of a downturn half as bad as
the last one. The way things look now, we are actually on the verge of
something far worse than that.
This year alone, some $2 trillion worth of
corporate debt is due to be rolled over. But with credit markets freezing up
and lenders refusing to extend new loans to businesses, many companies will
undoubtedly fail to meet their payment schedules over the next months. Although
US banks are now much stronger than they were back in 2008 and unlikely to fail
anytime soon, the resultant wave of corporate bankruptcies will have severe
knock-on effects on the unregulated shadow banking sector, which gobbled up
trillions of dollars worth in risky corporate bonds during the central
bank-fueled speculative boom of the past decade.
In a further twist, some of the most heavily
indebted sectors with the largest bond payments falling due this year are also
the ones most heavily exposed to the economic fallout of the pandemic:
international airlines, European carmakers and American shale oil companies
(the latter are doubly affected by the combination of falling demand for petroleum
and the simultaneous oil price war launched by Saudi Arabia this month).
(...)
The coronavirus pandemic could therefore end up
posing an existential threat not only to millions of human beings worldwide,
but also to the debt-based financialised world economy whose recurring crises
have come to define our era. Will the status quo be able to survive the
unprecedented economic experiment of collective quarantines and national
lockdowns around the globe? It is still too early to tell. But one thing is now
abundantly clear: global capitalism finds itself at a critical juncture. The
way in which this crisis is resolved will continue to shape the course of world
history for decades to come."
JEROME ROOS IS A FELLOW OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AT THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
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