The States Parties to the present Convention,
Considering that the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property are generally accepted as a principle of customary international law,
Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations,
Believing that an international convention on the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property would enhance the rule of law and legal certainty, particularly in dealings of States with natural or juridical persons, and would contribute to the codification and development of international law and the harmonization of practice in this area,
Taking into account developments in State practice with regard to the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property,
Affirming that the rules of customary international law continue to govern matters not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention,
Have agreed as follows:
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Article 5
State immunity
A State enjoys immunity, in respect of itself and its property, from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State subject to the provisions of the present Convention.
Article 6
Modalities for giving effect to State immunity
1. A State shall give effect to State immunity under article 5 by refraining from exercising jurisdiction in a proceeding before its courts against another State and to that end shall ensure that its courts determine on their own initiative that the immunity of that other State under article 5 is respected. 2. A proceeding before a court of a State shall be considered to have been instituted against another State if that other State: (a) is named as a party to that proceeding; or (b) is not named as a party to the proceeding but the proceeding in effect seeks to affect the property, rights, interests or activities of that other State.
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Article 18
State immunity from pre-judgment measures of constraint
No pre-judgment measures of constraint, such as attachment or arrest, against property of a State may be taken in connection with a proceeding before a court of another State unless and except to the extent that: (a) the State has expressly consented to the taking of such measures as indicated: (i) by international agreement; (ii) by an arbitration agreement or in a written contract; or (iii) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication after a dispute between the parties has arisen; or (b) the State has allocated or earmarked property for the satisfaction of the claim which is the object of that proceeding.
Article 19
State immunity from post-judgment measures of constraint
No post-judgment measures of constraint, such as attachment, arrest or execution, against property of a State may be taken in connection with a proceeding before a court of another State unless and except to the extent that: (a) the State has expressly consented to the taking of such measures as indicated: (i) by international agreement; (ii) by an arbitration agreement or in a written contract; or (iii) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication after a dispute between the parties has arisen; or (b) the State has allocated or earmarked property for the satisfaction of the claim which is the object of that proceeding; or (c) it has been established that the property is specifically in use or intended for use by the State for other than government non-commercial purposes and is in the territory of the State of the forum, provided that post- judgment measures of constraint may only be taken against property that has a connection with the entity against which the proceeding was directed.
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Article 21
Specific categories of property
1. The following categories, in particular, of property of a State shall not be considered as property specifically in use or intended for use by the State for other than government non-commercial purposes under article 19, subparagraph (c): (a) property, including any bank account, which is used or intended for use in the performance of the functions of the diplomatic mission of the State or its consular posts, special missions, missions to international organizations or delegations to organs of international organizations or to international conferences; (b) property of a military character or used or intended for use in the performance of military functions; (c) property of the central bank or other monetary authority of the State; (d) property forming part of the cultural heritage of the State or part of its archives and not placed or intended to be placed on sale; (e) property forming part of an exhibition of objects of scientific, cultural or historical interest and not placed or intended to be placed on sale. 2. Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to article 18 and article 19, subparagraphs (a) and (b).
Artículo 18
Inmunidad del Estado respecto de medidas coercitivas anteriores al fallo
No podrán adoptarse contra bienes de un Estado, en relación con un proceso ante un tribunal de otro Estado, medidas coercitivas anteriores al fallo como el embargo y la ejecución, sino en los casos y dentro de los límites siguientes: a) cuando el Estado haya consentido expresamente en la adopción de tales medidas, en los términos indicados: i) por acuerdo internacional; ii) por un acuerdo de arbitraje en un contrato escrito; o iii) por una declaración ante el tribunal o por una comunicación escrita después de haber surgido una controversia entre las partes; o b) cuando el Estado haya asignado o destinado bienes a la satisfacción de la demanda objeto de ese proceso.
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